通常来说，人们对于能直接感官感受到的环境污染的危害认识较为清楚，比如灰暗的天空、黑臭的河水、以及遍地的塑料垃圾。但是你有没有想过，其实在一些表面看来极其干净的环境中也会存在高浓度的有毒有害污染物，而这些污染物对人体健康的损害可能并不比直接可感官感觉到的环境污染小。以北美五大湖为例，它风景优美，湖水清澈。可就是这样美丽的外表下却有着一颗"肮脏的心"。表面上，五大湖的湖水比国内多数湖泊、河流看上去要干净，但其中的某些持久性有机污染物 (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) 的浓度远高于国内湖泊。这也是外国人不吃淡水鱼的原因之一，因为淡水鱼体内的POPs浓度确实高于海水鱼。POPs是指能持久存在于环境中，具有长距离迁移能力，通过食物链（网）累计，并且对生物和人体具有毒性效应的一类有机化学品。目前POPs的生产和使用已经受到《斯德哥尔摩公约》的严格限制，但在可以预见的将来，所有被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》的POPs均会退出化学品市场。随着POPs的退出，其他新型有机污染物的研究成为目前环境化学领域的研究热点。这些新型有机污染物常常以化学品，也即是人工合成添加剂的形式出现，影响人体健康。化学品对人体造成损害有两个必要条件，其一是化学品具有毒性效应，其二是人体和化学品有接触途径。在我们日常生活中能够接触到的化学品品种众多，包括紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂、阻燃剂、塑化剂、光引发剂等，本文将重点介绍合成酚类抗氧化剂、双酚类物质、光固化材料等三类。这些化学品是一类富含争议的物质，它们在保障人们现代生活品质的同时，也给我们造成了一定的困扰。

Generally speaking, people are more aware of the dangers of environmental pollution that can be sensed directly by the senses, such as the dark sky, the black and smelly river, and the plastic garbage everywhere. But have you ever thought about the presence of high concentrations of toxic and harmful pollutants in some seemingly extremely clean environment, which may not be less harmful to human health than the environmental pollution that can be sensed directly by the senses. Take the five largest lakes in North America for example, its scenery is beautiful, and the lake is clear. But under such beautiful appearance, there is a dirty heart. On the surface, the water of the five lakes and lakes is cleaner than most of the lakes and rivers in China, but some of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are much higher than the domestic lakes. This is also one of the reasons why foreigners don't eat freshwater fish, because the concentration of POPs in freshwater fish is actually higher than that in marine fish. POPs is a class of organic chemicals that can persist in the environment, have long distance mobility, accumulate through the food chain (net), and have toxic effects on the organism and the human body. At present, the production and use of POPs has been strictly restricted by the Stockholm convention, but in the foreseeable future, all POPs included in the Stockholm convention will withdraw from the chemical market. With the withdrawal of POPs, the research of other new organic pollutants has become a research hotspot in the field of environmental chemistry. These new organic pollutants often occur in the form of chemicals, or synthetic additives, which affect human health. There are two necessary conditions for chemicals to cause damage to human body. One is the toxic effects of chemicals, the other is the contact between human body and chemicals. There are many kinds of chemicals in our daily life, including ultraviolet absorbents, antioxidants, flame retardants, plasticizers, photoinitiators and so on. This article will focus on the synthesis of three kinds of phenolic antioxidants, bisphenol substances, light curing materials and so on. These chemicals are a class of controversial substances. They protect people's quality of modern life, but they also cause us some problems.

化学品（以卡通动物为例）对人体造成损害的必要条件2 实例合成酚类抗氧化剂，天使还是魔鬼？为阻止或延缓橡胶、塑料、纤维等人工合成有机高分子材料在使用过程中的氧化降解，抗氧化剂被广泛应用。由于天然抗氧化剂的稳定性较差，目前广泛使用的是人工抗氧化剂。目前我国市场上最常使用的抗氧化剂为BHT。BHT化学名称为2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚，它是由对甲酚、异丁醇为原料，以浓硫酸作为催化剂，氧化铝为脱水剂，反应生成的产物。根据世界经济合作与发展组织 (OECD) 的统计BHT的使用主要分布在以下领域：橡胶(27%)，塑料(27%)，矿物油/燃料(17%)，食品/药品/化妆品(12%)，动物饲料/宠物食品(11%)，打印油墨(6%)。目前，BHT的污染已经非常普遍，且存在于多种环境介质中，例如河水、底泥、污泥、室内灰尘等。 在食品应用方面，最近发表在Nature Communications上的文章揭示了一个有趣的现象，给吃货们找到了一个自我安慰的理由。研究者发现，添加到食物中的BHT会干扰人体消化系统与大脑间的信号传递，从而导致人脑产生更强的饥饿感，想吃更多的食物，进而导致肥胖。好想说"真的不是我馋，是BHT让我很饿"。没有直接研究表明BHT具有毒性，甚至有研究认为BHT可以清除人体内的氧化自由基，因此具有抗癌的功效。然而，BHT可以在生物体内和环境介质中被转化为多种产物。目前的毒理学研究表明其部分转化产物的毒性显著高于BHT。例如，BHT-Q在浓度为10-6mol/L时即可通过生成H2O2进而破坏人体的DNA，从而表现出较强的基因毒性。更值得注意的是，我们的研究显示BHT可以在污水处理厂（厌氧-缺氧-好氧的活性污泥处理系统）中转化为相应的毒性产物（BHT-CHO，BHT-Q，BHT-quinol）。经过污水处理厂处理的污水，BHT的浓度会显著下降，但相关转化产物的浓度会显著上升，增加了污水处理厂出水回用的潜在危害。

Chemical (cartoon animals) as a necessary condition for damage to human body. 2 example, synthesis of phenolic antioxidants, angel or devil? In order to prevent or delay the oxidative degradation of synthetic organic polymer materials such as rubber, plastics and fibers, antioxidants are widely applied. Because of the poor stability of natural antioxidants, artificial antioxidants are widely used nowadays. At present, the most commonly used antioxidant in China's market is BHT. The chemical name of BHT is 2,6- Di tert butyl -4- methyl phenol, which is produced by reaction of cresol and isobutanol as raw material, concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst and alumina as dehydrating agent. According to the statistics of the world organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), the use of BHT is mainly distributed in the following areas: Rubber (27%), plastic (27%), mineral oil / fuel (17%), food / drug / cosmetics (12%), animal feed / pet food (11%), printing ink (6%). At present, the pollution of BHT is very common, and exists in many kinds of environmental media, such as river water, sediment, sludge, indoor dust and so on. In the field of food applications, a recent article published on Nature Communications reveals an interesting phenomenon and has found a reason for the consolation of the food products. The researchers found that the BHT added to the food interferes with the signal transmission between the body's digestive system and the brain, causing the human brain to produce a stronger sense of hunger, to eat more food, and to lead to obesity. I want to say "not really greedy, BHT made me hungry". No direct studies have shown that BHT is toxic, and even some studies suggest that BHT can remove oxidized free radicals in human body, so it has anti-cancer effect. However, BHT can be transformed into multiple products in living organisms and environmental media. Toxicological studies show that the toxicity of some transformation products is significantly higher than that of BHT. For example, when BHT-Q concentration is 10-6mol/L, H2O2 can destroy DNA of human body, thereby exhibiting strong genotoxicity. More importantly, our research shows that BHT can be converted into corresponding toxic products (BHT-CHO, BHT-Q, BHT-quinol) in the sewage treatment plant (anaerobic - anoxic - aerobic activated sludge treatment system). After sewage treatment in sewage treatment plant, the concentration of BHT will decrease significantly, but the concentration of related transformation products will rise significantly, which increases the potential harm of effluent reuse in sewage treatment plant.

化学品（以卡通动物为例）对人体造成损害的必要条件2 实例合成酚类抗氧化剂，天使还是魔鬼？为阻止或延缓橡胶、塑料、纤维等人工合成有机高分子材料在使用过程中的氧化降解，抗氧化剂被广泛应用。由于天然抗氧化剂的稳定性较差，目前广泛使用的是人工抗氧化剂。目前我国市场上最常使用的抗氧化剂为BHT。BHT化学名称为2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚，它是由对甲酚、异丁醇为原料，以浓硫酸作为催化剂，氧化铝为脱水剂，反应生成的产物。根据世界经济合作与发展组织 (OECD) 的统计BHT的使用主要分布在以下领域：橡胶(27%)，塑料(27%)，矿物油/燃料(17%)，食品/药品/化妆品(12%)，动物饲料/宠物食品(11%)，打印油墨(6%)。目前，BHT的污染已经非常普遍，且存在于多种环境介质中，例如河水、底泥、污泥、室内灰尘等。 在食品应用方面，最近发表在Nature Communications上的文章揭示了一个有趣的现象，给吃货们找到了一个自我安慰的理由。研究者发现，添加到食物中的BHT会干扰人体消化系统与大脑间的信号传递，从而导致人脑产生更强的饥饿感，想吃更多的食物，进而导致肥胖。好想说"真的不是我馋，是BHT让我很饿"。没有直接研究表明BHT具有毒性，甚至有研究认为BHT可以清除人体内的氧化自由基，因此具有抗癌的功效。然而，BHT可以在生物体内和环境介质中被转化为多种产物。目前的毒理学研究表明其部分转化产物的毒性显著高于BHT。例如，BHT-Q在浓度为10-6mol/L时即可通过生成H2O2进而破坏人体的DNA，从而表现出较强的基因毒性。更值得注意的是，我们的研究显示BHT可以在污水处理厂（厌氧-缺氧-好氧的活性污泥处理系统）中转化为相应的毒性产物（BHT-CHO，BHT-Q，BHT-quinol）。经过污水处理厂处理的污水，BHT的浓度会显著下降，但相关转化产物的浓度会显著上升，增加了污水处理厂出水回用的潜在危害。

Chemical (cartoon animals) as a necessary condition for damage to human body. 2 example, synthesis of phenolic antioxidants, angel or devil? In order to prevent or delay the oxidative degradation of synthetic organic polymer materials such as rubber, plastics and fibers, antioxidants are widely applied. Because of the poor stability of natural antioxidants, artificial antioxidants are widely used nowadays. At present, the most commonly used antioxidant in China's market is BHT. The chemical name of BHT is 2,6- Di tert butyl -4- methyl phenol, which is produced by reaction of cresol and isobutanol as raw material, concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst and alumina as dehydrating agent. According to the statistics of the world organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), the use of BHT is mainly distributed in the following areas: Rubber (27%), plastic (27%), mineral oil / fuel (17%), food / drug / cosmetics (12%), animal feed / pet food (11%), printing ink (6%). At present, the pollution of BHT is very common, and exists in many kinds of environmental media, such as river water, sediment, sludge, indoor dust and so on. In the field of food applications, a recent article published on Nature Communications reveals an interesting phenomenon and has found a reason for the consolation of the food products. The researchers found that the BHT added to the food interferes with the signal transmission between the body's digestive system and the brain, causing the human brain to produce a stronger sense of hunger, to eat more food, and to lead to obesity. I want to say "not really greedy, BHT made me hungry". No direct studies have shown that BHT is toxic, and even some studies suggest that BHT can remove oxidized free radicals in human body, so it has anti-cancer effect. However, BHT can be transformed into multiple products in living organisms and environmental media. Toxicological studies show that the toxicity of some transformation products is significantly higher than that of BHT. For example, when BHT-Q concentration is 10-6mol/L, H2O2 can destroy DNA of human body, thereby exhibiting strong genotoxicity. More importantly, our research shows that BHT can be converted into corresponding toxic products (BHT-CHO, BHT-Q, BHT-quinol) in the sewage treatment plant (anaerobic - anoxic - aerobic activated sludge treatment system). After sewage treatment in sewage treatment plant, the concentration of BHT will decrease significantly, but the concentration of related transformation products will rise significantly, which increases the potential harm of effluent reuse in sewage treatment plant.

可能含双酚类化合物的小票光固化材料--绿色化学真的绿色吗？ 光固化材料是指光引发剂在光照（一般为紫外光）作用下产生活性物质（自由基等），从而引发单体发生的聚合反应所生成的聚合材料。与传统的聚合反应相比，光敏聚合反应具有反应所需能量低、无挥发性有机污染物释放等优点。因此，光固化材料的生产过程被称为绿色化学。目前，光固化材料广泛应用于紫外打印、紫外涂料、以及光敏树脂3D打印等领域。图5. 光敏聚合反应的应用—3D打印 2005年，欧洲市场上的雀巢婴幼儿奶粉中发现高浓度的光引发剂污染，首次引起了科学家对光固化材料中光引发剂污染的重视。事后的研究发现奶粉中的光引发剂污染来源于包装材料中的光敏打印油墨。近年来的研究已经在食品包装材料和3D打印产品中检测到20多种光引发剂。由于光固化材料在室内环境中有大量应用，北京市室内灰尘中也检测到了高浓度的光引发剂。这类物质的毒性主要表现为内分泌干扰效应。加州大学的研究发现，使用光敏树脂3D打印器皿培养斑马鱼鱼卵，可以观察到明显的斑马鱼发育毒性。由此可见，"绿色化学"并不绝对的绿色。目前，世界各国并无关于光引发剂使用的限制。欧洲及日本的打印协会建议停止在食品包装材料的打印油墨中使用某些高毒性的光引发剂，但该建议尚未形成法律条文。3 结语传统的水污染及土壤污染等只会对生活于其区域的人群产生影响。即使近年来在我国北方影响范围比较大的雾霾，人们也可以通过迁移到更干净的区域进行规避。与传统的空气、水、土壤等污染不同，只要你选择现代生活，你就无法避免形形色色的合成添加剂。但我们也无需过度担心，因为污染物的毒性总是与剂量相关联。以"前言"中所述北美淡水鱼为例，尽管鱼体内含有较高浓度的污染物，但只要找到合理的摄入标准，就不会对人体健康产生损害。

Small ticket photocurable material that may contain bisphenol compounds -- is green chemistry really green? Light curing material is a polymeric material produced by the polymerization of monomer, which produces a living substance (free radical, etc.) under the action of light (usually ultraviolet light). Compared with traditional polymerization, photosensitive polymerization has the advantages of low reaction energy and no volatile organic pollutants release. Therefore, the production process of light curing materials is called green chemistry. At present, UV curable materials are widely used in UV printing, UV coatings, photosensitive resin 3D printing and other fields. Figure 5. application of photosensitive polymerization - 3D printing in 2005, high concentration of photoinitiator contamination was found in Nestle infant milk powder in the European market for the first time, and it was the first time that scientists paid attention to photoinitiator pollution in light cured materials. Later studies found that photoinitiators in milk powder originated from photosensitive printing ink in packaging materials. In recent years, more than 20 photoinitiators have been detected in food packaging materials and 3D printing products. Because of the wide application of light curing materials in indoor environment, high concentration photoinitiators have also been detected in indoor dust in Beijing. The toxicity of these substances is mainly endocrine disrupting effect. The study of California University found that the zebrafish developmental toxicity could be observed by using photosensitive resin 3D printing containers to cultivate zebrafish eggs. It can be seen that "green chemistry" is not absolutely green. At present, there are no restrictions on the use of photoinitiators in the world. The European and Japanese printing associations suggest stopping the use of some highly toxic photoinitiators in the printing inks of food packaging materials, but the proposal has not yet formed a legal provision. 3, the conclusion is that traditional water pollution and soil pollution will only affect people living in their area. Even in recent years, haze, which has a great influence in the north of China, can be evaded by moving to a cleaner area. Unlike traditional air, water and soil pollution, you can't avoid all kinds of synthetic additives as long as you choose modern life. But we need not worry too much, because the toxicity of pollutants is always related to dose. In the "preface", the North American freshwater fish is an example. Although the fish contains a high concentration of pollutants, it will not damage the health of the human body as long as it finds a reasonable intake standard.

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